What is an appendix?

The appendix is a long narrow tube (a few inches in length) that attaches to the colon’s first part. It is usually located in the lower right quadrant of the abdominal cavity. The appendix produces a bacteria destroying protein called immunoglobulin, which help fight infection in the body. Its function, however, is not essential.

What is appendicitis?

Appendicitis is a condition in which the appendix becomes inflamed.

What is the cause of appendicitis?

In most individuals, the appendix becomes inflamed because its tissues become infected with bacteria, and pus may develop within the appendix’s lumen. Mechanical blockage of the appendix by hard stool, a foreign body, or thick mucus may also lead to bacterial infections.

What are the symptoms of appendicitis?

The main symptoms are:

  Pain first starts around the umbilicus then moves to the right side of the abdomen

  Nausea, vomiting

  Constipation or diarrhoea

  Low fever

  Loss of appetite

How is it diagnosed?

The diagnosis of acute appendicitis is mainly clinical. Together with other supporting investigations like Ultrasound, CT Scan, blood tests etc.

What is the treatment of appendicitis?

Appendicitis must be treated with surgery right away; if left untreated, the appendix could rupture (burst) and cause a life-threatening or fatal infection. An appendectomy is an operation to remove the appendix. It can be open or laparoscopic.

What is a laparoscopic appendectomy?

In laparoscopic appendectomy, surgeons operate through 3 small incisions (each ¼ to ½ inch) while watching an enlarged image of the patient’s internal organs on a television monitor.

What is the advantage of laparoscopic appendectomy?

Common advantages are:

  Less post-operative pain

  Faster recovery

  Short hospital stay

  Less post-operative complications like wound infection and adhesion

  Cost-effective

  Better cosmetic results

What is the recovery time for an appendectomy?

Following an appendectomy, you will spend time in a surgical recovery room, followed by a day or two in the hospital. The first post-surgery meal is usually a clear liquid diet, and this can be changed to a regular diet as soon as you can tolerate it. You will be able to get back to your normal activities in one to two weeks.

What is a gallbladder?

Your gallbladder is a small organ in your upper abdomen. It is a small pear-shaped organ that is attached to the underside of the liver.

What is the function of the gallbladder?

The gallbladder collects and stores a liquid called bile that helps your body break down food. When we eat, the gallbladder contracts and push extra bile out through the common bile duct and into the duodenum. Bile breaks the fatty material of food into tiny fragments that can be more easily absorbed by the intestine.

What are gall stones & how are they formed?

Gallstones form inside the gallbladder from substances in the bile that become solid. They can be as small as a grain of sand and as large as a golf ball. Ingestion of too much cholesterol is considered a risk factor. For women, the risk of cholesterol gallstones increases with age, use of oral contraceptive, rapid weight loss, family history of diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease (Chrohn’s disease and Ulcerative Colitis). A family history of gallstones also increases the risk of stone formation. Some people form stones without any known risk factors.

What are the symptoms of gallbladder problems?

The main symptoms are:

  Sharp pain in your abdomen

  Nausea and vomiting

  Indigestion

  Fever

  Yellow skin – Jaundice is the medical term for skin and eyes that look yellow. You might get jaundice if gallstones block your bile duct

How is gallbladder disease diagnosed and treated?

Ultrasound is the most commonly used test to find gallstones. You will also need some blood tests done to ensure that the liver function is normal.

Gallstones do not go away on their own. Some can be temporarily treated with drugs or by making dietary adjustments, such as reducing fat intake. This treatment has a low, short-term success rate. Symptoms will eventually continue unless the gallbladder is removed.

Surgical removal of the gallbladder is the time-honoured and safest treatment of gallbladder disease.

What are the surgical treatments available?

One is conventional (open), and the other is laparoscopic (keyhole/minimally invasive).

What are the advantages of laparoscopic gallbladder surgery?

  These days laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the gold standard treatment for cholecystitis or gall stone

  Smaller incision – 3-4 small incisions, each less than 1cm long, instead of a 15cm incision for open surgery.

  Less pain than after open surgery.

  Quicker recovery than open surgery

  Less post-operative complications like wound infection, adhesion, hernia, etc

  Cost-effective

How is the laparoscopic operation done?

For the procedure, your surgeon makes four small incisions in your abdomen. They use these incisions to guide a tube with a small, lighted camera into your abdomen. They then guide other tools through the incisions while looking at a monitor that shows what the camera captures. Your abdomen is inflated with gas, so your surgeon has space to work. They remove your gallbladder through the incisions.

What is the recovery period?

The patient can start drinking liquids soon after coming out of the anaesthesia, which is about 4 hours after the operation. They can start eating soon thereafter. The patient can get off the bed 4 hours after the surgery and walk to the toilet to pass urine. They are usually allowed to go home the next day, can climb stairs, and the majority can get back to routine activity in 5 days and back to work in about 10 days.

When can I eat?

There are no dietary restrictions after removing the gall bladder, and you may resume a normal diet as soon as you are hungry. It may take a few days before your appetite returns. When you feel hungry, start with light, frequent meals and then increase at your own pace.

What is laparoscopic colorectal surgery?

Laparoscopic colorectal surgery, also known as minimally invasive or keyhole surgery, is a surgical technique used to treat various conditions affecting the colon and rectum. It involves making several small incisions in the abdomen through which a laparoscope and specialized surgical instruments are inserted to perform the procedure.

What conditions can be treated with laparoscopic colorectal surgery?

Laparoscopic colorectal surgery is used to treat a wide range of conditions, including colorectal cancer, diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), polyps, and benign tumors.

What are the benefits of laparoscopic colorectal surgery compared to traditional open surgery?

Some benefits of laparoscopic colorectal surgery include smaller incisions, reduced post-operative pain, shorter hospital stays, faster recovery, lower risk of infection, and improved cosmetic outcomes. It allows patients to return to their regular activities sooner compared to open surgery.

Am I a suitable candidate for laparoscopic colorectal surgery?

Most patients who require colorectal surgery are candidates for laparoscopic procedures. However, the decision depends on various factors, including the specific condition being treated, the patient's overall health, and the surgeon's expertise. In some cases, open surgery may be preferred if certain conditions or complications are present.

How long does it take to recover from laparoscopic colorectal surgery?

Recovery time can vary depending on the individual, the extent of the surgery, and the underlying condition. In general, patients can expect to spend a few days in the hospital after the procedure and resume normal activities within a few weeks to a month. However, it's essential to follow the surgeon's post-operative instructions to aid in a smooth recovery.

How should I prepare for laparoscopic colorectal surgery?

Preparation for surgery typically involves a thorough evaluation by your healthcare team, which may include blood tests, imaging scans, and a review of your medical history. Your surgeon will provide specific instructions on fasting before the procedure and any medications that need to be adjusted or temporarily stopped. It's crucial to inform your surgical team about any medications, allergies, or health conditions you have before the surgery.

What is laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE)?

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to diagnose and treat conditions affecting the common bile duct. It involves inserting a laparoscope and specialized instruments through small incisions in the abdomen to access and examine the bile duct for any abnormalities or blockages.

When is laparoscopic common bile duct exploration recommended?

LCBDE is recommended when a patient presents with symptoms or imaging findings suggestive of common bile duct stones, strictures, tumors, or other obstructions. It is also performed during gallbladder removal surgery (laparoscopic cholecystectomy) if there is suspicion of stones in the common bile duct.

How is laparoscopic common bile duct exploration performed?

LCBDE, a laparoscope is inserted through small incisions in the abdomen, providing a clear view of the surgical site. The surgeon then explores the common bile duct, removing stones, and addressing any obstructions or strictures using specialized instruments. If necessary, additional procedures, such as bile duct repair or stent placement, may be performed.

What are the advantages of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration over traditional open surgery?

LCBDE offers several advantages, including smaller incisions, reduced post-operative pain, faster recovery, shorter hospital stays, and a lower risk of infection. The minimally invasive nature of the procedure often leads to quicker return to normal activities for the patient.

How long does the surgery typically take?

The duration of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration varies depending on the complexity of the condition being treated and the individual patient. On average, the surgery may take anywhere from 1 to 3 hours.

How long is the recovery period after laparoscopic common bile duct exploration?

Recovery time can vary from patient to patient, but most individuals can expect to spend a few days in the hospital after the surgery. Full recovery may take a few weeks, during which time you may be advised to avoid heavy lifting and strenuous activities.

Can all common bile duct conditions be treated with laparoscopic exploration?

While laparoscopic common bile duct exploration is effective for many conditions, it may not be suitable for all cases. The decision on the appropriate approach will depend on the specific condition, its severity, and the surgeon's expertise.

How should I prepare for laparoscopic common bile duct exploration?

Your surgical team will provide specific instructions on how to prepare for the procedure, including fasting guidelines and any necessary adjustments to medications. It's crucial to inform your surgeon about any allergies, medications you are taking, and your complete medical history to ensure a safe and successful surgery.

What is laparoscopic esophageal surgery?

Laparoscopic esophageal surgery is a minimally invasive surgical technique used to treat conditions affecting the esophagus. It involves making small incisions in the abdomen through which a laparoscope and specialized instruments are inserted to perform the procedure on the esophagus.

What conditions can be treated with laparoscopic esophageal surgery?

Laparoscopic esophageal surgery is commonly used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), hiatal hernias, achalasia, esophageal tumors, and Barrett's esophagus.

What are the benefits of laparoscopic esophageal surgery compared to traditional open surgery?

The benefits of laparoscopic esophageal surgery include smaller incisions, reduced post-operative pain, faster recovery time, shorter hospital stays, lower risk of infection, and improved cosmetic outcomes. It also allows for a more precise and detailed view of the surgical site.

Am I a candidate for laparoscopic esophageal surgery?

Most patients who require esophageal surgery are candidates for laparoscopic procedures. However, the suitability depends on the specific condition, its severity, the patient's overall health, and the surgeon's expertise. In some cases, open surgery may be preferred if certain complexities or complications are present.

How long does it take to recover from laparoscopic esophageal surgery?

Recovery time varies depending on the individual and the extent of the surgery. Generally, patients can expect to spend a few days in the hospital after the procedure. Full recovery may take several weeks to a few months, during which you may need to follow dietary restrictions and avoid certain activities.

What dietary changes should I expect after laparoscopic esophageal surgery?

Your surgeon will provide specific dietary guidelines to follow after the surgery. In the initial days, a liquid or soft diet may be recommended to allow the surgical site to heal properly. As you recover, you'll gradually transition back to a regular diet, although some modifications might be necessary to manage your specific condition.

When can I resume normal activities after laparoscopic esophageal surgery?

Your surgeon will provide specific guidelines for post-operative care and activity restrictions. In general, you should gradually resume normal activities as you recover, but you may need to avoid heavy lifting and strenuous exercises for some time.

How do I prepare for laparoscopic esophageal surgery?

Preparation for surgery typically involves a thorough evaluation by your healthcare team, which may include blood tests, imaging scans, and a review of your medical history. Your surgeon will provide specific instructions on fasting before the procedure and any medications that need to be adjusted or temporarily stopped. It's essential to inform your surgical team about any medications, allergies, or health conditions you have before the surgery.

What is laparoscopic hernia repair?

Laparoscopic hernia repair is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to repair various types of hernias, including inguinal (groin), umbilical, ventral (abdominal), and incisional hernias. It involves making small incisions in the abdomen through which a laparoscope and specialized surgical instruments are inserted to repair the hernia.

What are the benefits of laparoscopic hernia repair compared to traditional open surgery?

The benefits of laparoscopic hernia repair include smaller incisions, reduced post-operative pain, faster recovery time, shorter hospital stays, lower risk of infection, and improved cosmetic outcomes. The laparoscopic approach allows for better visualization of the hernia and surrounding tissues.

Who is a candidate for laparoscopic hernia repair?

Most patients with hernias are candidates for laparoscopic repair. However, the suitability for the procedure depends on the type and size of the hernia, the patient's overall health, and any previous surgical history. In some complex cases, open surgery may be preferred.

How is laparoscopic hernia repair performed?

During laparoscopic hernia repair, the surgeon makes several small incisions in the abdominal area. A laparoscope, a thin tube with a camera, is inserted to view the hernia and surrounding structures. The surgeon then uses mesh or sutures to reinforce the weakened area and repair the hernia.

What types of hernias can be repaired laparoscopically?

Laparoscopic hernia repair can be performed on various hernias, including inguinal hernias (groin hernias), umbilical hernias (around the belly button), ventral hernias (abdominal wall hernias), and incisional hernias (occurring at the site of a previous surgery).

How long does it take to recover from laparoscopic hernia repair?

Recovery time varies depending on the individual and the type of hernia repaired. In general, patients can expect to resume normal activities within a few weeks after the surgery. However, strenuous activities and heavy lifting may need to be avoided for a longer period to allow the surgical site to heal properly.

Will I have visible scars after laparoscopic hernia repair?

Laparoscopic hernia repair involves making small incisions, usually less than 1 centimeter in size, resulting in smaller scars compared to traditional open surgery. The incisions are typically placed in locations that are less visible.

Can I drive after laparoscopic hernia repair, and when can I return to work?

Driving after laparoscopic hernia repair should be avoided for a few days or as advised by your surgeon, depending on your recovery progress and the type of hernia repaired. Return to work can vary depending on the nature of your job, but most patients can expect to return to non-strenuous work within 1 to 2 weeks.

How do I prepare for laparoscopic hernia repair?/strong>

Preparation for the surgery may include fasting before the procedure and adjusting or stopping certain medications as instructed by your surgical team. Your surgeon will provide specific pre-operative guidelines. It's crucial to inform your surgical team about any medications, allergies, or health conditions you have before the surgery.